ETHIOPIAN HISTORY BOOKS IN AMHARIC PDF FULL
፠ section mark ፡ word separator ። full stop (period) ፣ comma ፤ semicolon ፥ colon ፦ preface colon (introduces speech from a descriptive prefix) ፧ question mark ፨ paragraph separator Grammar Simple Amharic sentences Ethiopian novelist Haddis Alemayehu, who was an advocate of Amharic orthography reform, indicated gemination in his novel Fǝqǝr Ǝskä Mäqabǝr by placing a dot above the characters whose consonants were geminated, but this practice is rare. This property of the writing system is analogous to the vowels of Arabic and Hebrew or the tones of many Bantu languages, which are not normally indicated in writing. Gemination is not indicated in Amharic orthography, but Amharic readers typically do not find this to be a problem. That is, consonant length can distinguish words from one another for example, alä 'he said', allä 'there is' yǝmätall 'he hits', yǝmmättall 'he will be hit'. Alphasyllabary Chart of Amharic fidels Īs in most other Ethiopian Semitic languages, gemination is contrastive in Amharic. Furthermore, Amharic is considered a holy language by the Rastafari religion and is widely used among its followers worldwide.Ī modern usage of Amharic: the label of a Coca-Cola bottle. In Washington DC, Amharic became one of the six non-English languages in the Language Access Act of 2004, which allows government services and education in Amharic. Most of the Ethiopian Jewish communities in Ethiopia and Israel speak Amharic. Additionally, 3 million emigrants outside of Ethiopia speak the language. More recent sources state the number of first-language speakers in 2018 as nearly 32 million, with another 25 million second-language speakers in Ethiopia. The 2007 census reported that Amharic was spoken by 21.6 million native speakers in Ethiopia. Until 2020 Amharic was in fact the only other official Ethiopian language on the federal level, alongside English. There are 33 basic characters, each of which has seven forms depending on which vowel is to be pronounced in the syllable. Amharic is an Afro-Asiatic language of the Southwest Semitic group and is related to Geʽez, or Ethiopic, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church Amharic is written in a slightly modified form of the alphabet used for writing the Geʽez language. It is one of the official languages of Ethiopia, together with Oromo, Somali, Afar, and Tigrinya. Īmharic has been the official working language of Ethiopia, language of the courts, the language of trade and everyday communications and of the military since the late 12th century. As such, Amharic evolved from a proto-Ethiosemitic language which also gave rise to other Ethiosemitic languages (e.g., Ge'ez, Gurage, Tigrinya, etc.). The Amharic language possibly originated as result of a pidginization process with a Cushitic substratum and a Semitic superstratum to enable communication between people who spoke a mix of different languages. The Amharic examples in the sections below use one system that is common among linguists specialising in Ethiopian Semitic languages. There is no universally agreed way of romanising Amharic into Latin script. The writing system is also called abugida ( አቡጊዳ), from the first four symbols from this the modern term abugida is derived. Fidäl means "script", "alphabet", "letter", or "character".
The writing system is called fidäl ( ፊደል) in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Īmharic is written left-to-right using a system that grew out of the Geʽez script. It is also the second-most commonly spoken Semitic language in the world (after Arabic).
ETHIOPIAN HISTORY BOOKS IN AMHARIC PDF PLUS
With 31,800,000 mother-tongue speakers as of 2018, plus another 25,100,000 second language speakers, Amharic is the second most commonly-spoken mother-tongue of Ethiopia (after Oromo), but the most widely spoken in terms of total speakers. The language serves as the working language of Ethiopia, and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas, and also serves as a lingua franca for other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.Īmharic ( / æ m ˈ h ær ɪ k/ or / ɑː m ˈ h ɑːr ɪ k/ (Amharic: አማርኛ), Amarəñña, IPA: ( listen)) is an Ethiopian Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols.